【作者】 鲁玉洁；

【导师】 黄寿成；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学， 中国古代史， 2017， 硕士

【摘要】 中国古代的祭海源远流长。然自入唐以后,基于其时海洋活动的空前发展,一方面,唐人对海神的想象极具时代特色。这种特色突出表现在,推进祭海神灵人格化与世俗化的趋势。另一方面,祭海活动也日益得到重视。除了确立以五郊迎气日、腊日等常祀祭海活动外,唐廷中央还不断派遣官员前往祭海。此外,唐制规定海神祠由地方长官负责祭海,这与隋代以巫代祀的情况已有显著不同。需要注意的是,从功能的角度考察,唐代祭海活动的类型多样,包括祈求航行平安,祈雨(晴)或报谢,祈求风调雨顺,或其他重大事件昭告海神灵等等。较之前代,唐时祭海仪制不断完善。不仅明确四海分祭之制,确立于山东半岛的莱州建立海神祠以祭拜东海神,于岭南沿海的广州建立南海祠以祭拜南海神。另,确立于河南府、同州分别祈祭北海、西海。而且还以国家制度的形式明确祭海中祀的规格,并制定祭海仪典,其中《大唐开元礼》中《祭四海四渎》详细记载了仪典的内容。此外,《唐律》中也制定了关于祭祀的条律,据此推知关于祭海的律法约束。缘何入唐以后,祭海活动得到重视,改变了以往帝王“先河后海”的局面?这个问题的答案仍在于唐代社会环境所发生的巨大变化,尤其是唐代海洋活动获得空前发展的情况。这突出表现在:随着造船技术与航海技术的长足进步,海上航线不断拓展。海上交通的发展进而推动海洋经济,特别是海上贸易的繁荣兴盛。唐代国力的强盛与海上交通的便利促使众多国家泛海来唐,海上交往空前频繁。总之,唐人与海洋的关系日趋密切。然而,囿于防御措施等因素,唐代航海活动仍然充满艰险,这其中包含来自海上风暴,海洋生物,甚至海盗的威胁。此外,其时不乏海洋灾害的袭扰,每次海溢皆会造成巨大的人力、财力等损失。因此,正是基于这样的时代背景,人们更加寄望于海中超自然的神灵能祈福禳灾。加之,沿海地域或素有崇神尚鬼的风俗,或自古流传海上仙境的传说,为祭海活动的发展与海神灵的崇信提供广阔的地域文化基础。诚然,唐代祭海亦十分具有时代特色。一方面,祭海以国家祭祀为主导,并且开创加封四海神王爵的先河。宋以降历史时期对海神的加封皆源于此,可谓于后世影响深远。而且祭海制度逐渐完善,为后世所效仿。另一方面,延续祭海神灵的人格化趋势,这在唐代小说中多有涉及。此外,在传统农业社会与祭海活动兴盛发展的背景下,唐代祭海活动的目的呈现出多元化特色与实用性色彩。从祭海活动来考察唐人与海洋的关系,我们会发现,一方面,祭海活动的发展对地方海洋信仰产生潜移默化的影响,尤其是南海神信仰在岭南沿海地区深入人心。另一方面,祭海活动的发展也不断深化民众对海洋敬畏的观念。此外,对于其时的海洋文学,祭海活动的发展不断为其提供素材,推进其繁荣发展。总之,比之前代,唐代祭海活动空前发展。对于祭海活动的探讨,十分具有研究价值和意义。不仅有助于我们更加了解唐代社会生活,了解其时海洋文化,更有助于对祭海历史的了解,增进对祭海问题诸多方面的理解。因此,本文从唐代祭海神灵与祭海活动,祭海仪制的内容,祭海之兴的原因,以及祭海的特点与影响等几个视角来展开探讨。更多还原

【Abstract】 Ancient Chinese worshipped the sea,which had a long history.In Tang Dynasty,because of the unprecedented development of ocean activities,on the one hand,people’simagination of the sea gods had great characteristics of times.This feature was highlighted in the trend that the sea god was more and more humanized and secularized.On the other hand,Tang government attached importance to the sacrificial sea activities.In addition to frequent worship of the sea activities,the Tang central government sent officials to the coastal area for sacrificing the sea god.Also,the Tang government set the system that local governors were responsible for the sea sacrifice,which was significantly different from the situation in Sui Dynasty.It should be noted that,from the functional point of view,the types of sea sacrifice activities were various in Tang Dynasty,including praying for sailing safe,praying for good weather,blessing propitious winds and rains and so on.Compared with the previous generation,the sacrificial sea activities in Tang Dynasty had developed further and the Sea Sacrificial Ceremony system had been improved.The Tang government not only established the system of sacrificing the four seas separately.It means that sacrificing the East Sea god in Laizhou where built the East sea temple,sacrificing the South Sea god in Guangzhou where built the South sea temple,and sacrificing the North Sea god and the West Sea god in Henan and Tongzhou separately.But also cleared the level of sea sacrifice in the form of national system,and established the sea ceremony system.On this content,historical materials in Tang Dynasty recorded the detail.Why did the Tang government pay attention to the sea activities and change the custom that previous emperor performed the sacrificial river activities before the sea?The answer to this question was still in the great changes of the social environment in the Tang Dynasty.In the Tang Dynasty,social environment had undergone tremendous changes,especially the marine activities had been received unprecedented development.This can be seen most clearly in shipping manufacturing and navigational skills,which had made great progress,the sea lanes continued to expand.The development of maritime traffic promoted marine economy,especially in the prosperity of maritime trade.Strong national strength and convenient maritime traffic in Tang Dynasty to promote many countries across the sea to China,so the maritime association also had unprecedented achievement.In short,the relationship between the people in Tang Dynasty and the ocean was getting closer.However,due to defensive measures and other factors,sailing activities were still full of dangerous in Tang Dynasty,which included threats from sea storms,marine life,and even pirates.In addition to the risk of maritime navigation,there was also sudden marine disasters,each overflow would cause huge damage to human,property and so on.Therefore,it was based on this era background,people were more likely to believe in the sea supernatural god and pray for willingness and avoiding evil.In addition,or the custom of believing in the ghosts,or the legend of the sea fairyland since ancient times in coastal areas,which provided a broad geographical and cultural basis for the development of the sea activities and the worship of the sea gods.Actually,the sea sacrificial ceremony activities in Tang Dynasty also had time characteristic.On the one hand,it was dominated by state rituals,and Tang government set any type of precedent for knighting the sea god,which had a far-reaching influence on future generations.Also,the sea Sacrificial Ceremony system was gradually improved,which followed by future generations.On the other hand,the sea god that was sacrificed by people in Tang Dynasty continued to the trend of personification,which were involved in the novels in Tang Dynasty.Moreover,in the context of the development of traditional agricultural society and sacrificial sea activities,the purpose of the Sea Sacrificial Ceremony in the Tang Dynasty presented diversified and practical characteristics.From the sea activities to study the relationship between the people in Tang Dynasty and the ocean,on the one hand,we will find that the development of the sea activities had influence in the local marine faith,especially the South Sea God in the Lingnan coastal areas.On the other hand,the achievement of the sea activities were also constantly deepening the public on the concept of aweing ocean.In addition,for the marine literature on that time,the development of Sea Sacrificial Ceremony activities continued to provide material and promote its prosperity.In a word,compared with the previous generation,the sea activities in Tang Dynasty had unprecedented achievement.The study on the Sea Sacrificial Ceremony and activities in Tang Dynasty was very valuable and meaningful.It was not only help us to better understand the social life in the Tang Dynasty and the marine culture at that time,but also help to understand the history of the Sea Sacrificial Ceremony and enhance the understanding of many aspects of the Sea Sacrificial Ceremony questions.Therefore,this article explores the Ocean Sacrifice in Tang Dynasty as much as possible,viewed from the Sea God,ocean activities,Sea Sacrificial Ceremony,features,influence,and other point.更多还原